A Brief History
On October 18, 1979, the FCC (Federal Communications Commission) of the United States first began allowing private citizens to receive satellite television signals in their own homes, making television available to people living outside of the range of broadcast television and giving the public an alternative to cable television. Ever since, fierce competition between cable and satellite television providers has raged over television customers, and those customers likewise have debated the relative merits of each type of television service.
Digging Deeper
For those people that lived outside of the areas serviced by cable television providers or those people at odds with the local cable provider, satellite television presented an alternative that was sometimes cheaper than cable and at times offered more stations/channels. Customers need a satellite dish (parabolic antenna) of less than 1 meter in diameter outside the house or apartment connected by a cable to a satellite box (low-noise block downconverter), a device similar to a cable box. Original satellite television signals were broadcast in analog on what is now obsolete bands, but now satellite television is fully digital and can also be used to provide telephone and computer service. Those original satellite television systems also needed a much larger antenna (dish), as much as 2 or 3 meters across. Only 1 of the old fashioned analog television satellites remain, a unit from Brazil, while only 1 US cable/satellite channel is broadcast in analog signals (C-SPAN).
Sen. Robert Byrd (right), C-SPAN’s founder Brian Lamb (left) and Paul FitzPatrick flip the switch for C-SPAN2 on June 2, 1986. FitzPatrick was C-SPAN president at the time.
Some satellite television channels are free to the public, un-encrypted and requiring no paid contract. Most of the other channels, especially the premium ones, require special satellite boxes to decrypt the signals and provide the paid for services through the provider subscription terms.
Most of the satellite television satellites are stationed high above the Equator (23,000 miles) in what is known as a geosynchronous orbit. For comparison, the early space flights in the 1960’s were barely over 100 miles away from the Earth, and the Space Shuttle program usually attained an altitude of only around 200 miles or up to less than 400 miles. (The highest altitude attained by a Space Shuttle was 620 kilometers, or 372 miles, achieved in 1997 on a mission to boost the Hubble Telescope.)
The Hubble Space Telescope in orbit as seen from the departing Space Shuttle Atlantis, flying Servicing Mission 4 (STS-125), the fifth and final Hubble mission
Satellite television was first proposed around 1963 and was developed at first as a method of getting signals to cable provider stations which would then deliver the signals to customers via cable. By 1976 the first home systems were in operation, but customers required a license from the FCC. Meanwhile, the Soviets were producing satellite television service at about the same time as American efforts. In 1979, upscale catalog sales giant Neiman-Marcus offered a home satellite system for “only” $36,000! The 20 foot diameter antenna may have turned off some potential customers as much as the price kept people away, even though the price was cut in half soon after the initial offering. Stations selection was also limited at first, a factor in the supremacy of cable television at the time. By 1984 the price and quality of service improved so much that a half-million units were sold that year at a comparatively affordable price of $2000. Technology to scramble cable and satellite television signals had to keep up with wily consumers that were able to find ways to unscramble encrypted signals without paying for it. Advances in satellites, programming, and ground systems all were made at a frantic pace ever since the introduction of home satellite television systems.
In spite of the advances in technology, satellite television still had occasional problems with the signals reaching consumers as planned. The Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act (SHVIA) was signed into law in the United States in 1999 as part of an effort by the US Government to allow for enhanced television viewing by satellite customers. Since 1991 satellites servicing Australia and East Asia have also gone on line. Satellite television systems are subject to the same sort of problems encountered by cable television customers, such as power outages or physical problems that develop at any stage of the transmission process. (Ground stations are needed to direct signals to satellites, which in turn re-transmit the signals back to Earth for consumers.) Various atmospheric conditions as well as activity of the Sun can degrade satellite transmissions to the Earth and adversely affect the quality of television reception by satellite television customers. Severe weather may also damage home satellite reception antennas. A problem related to the position of the Sun actually occurs everyday! Around noon, the Sun lines up with the satellite and the receiving antenna, messing up the reception. Additionally, a 2 week period each year during the Spring (Vernal) and Fall (Autumnal) Equinoxes the Sun produces electromagnetic radiation that interferes with satellite television signals because of the Sun’s emissions being on a similar frequency to the satellite transmissions. Cable providers make serious hoopla out of this ongoing problem with satellite TV.
Satellite television dishes in Malaysia.
Nearly 2/3’s of Americans have either cable or satellite television as a paid service, although indications are that this number will be decreasing quickly as customers tire of high cable/satellite bills and switch to “free” television that is now digitally broadcast, providing much better reception and even extra channels. Other people are switching to using their computers or browser capable televisions to provide streaming services instead of traditional cable and satellite television service. Cable television customers may no longer outnumber satellite customers in the US, though the gap is not all that large, with the 70 million pay TV customers split with about 34 million cable customers and another 36 million satellite customers. The number of cable subscribers has decreased precipitously by over 10 million customers from 2010 to 2016, a trend bound to continue. The largest satellite television provider in the US is Direct TV, with about 21 million customers, though you could add another 5 million customers if you include the associated U-Verse brand of internet information (including television) service. IPTV, Internet Protocol Television, providers such as U-verse are normally lumped into the umbrella of satellite television.)
Questions for Students (and others): Have you ever had satellite television service? Were you satisfied with that service? Do you prefer cable, satellite, or IPTV service? Is the internet entertaining enough that you do not need to pay for television? What problems have you had with satellite television?
A DirecTV “minidish”.
If you liked this article and would like to receive notification of new articles, please feel welcome to subscribe to History and Headlines by liking us on Facebook.
Your readership is much appreciated!
Historical Evidence
For more information, please see…
Castleman, Harry and Walter Podrazik. Watching TV: Eight Decades of American Television, Third Edition. Syracuse University Press, 2016.
Kawa, Katie. Television: The Small Box That Changed the World (World History). Lucent Books, 2018.
The featured image in this article, a picture taken by en:User:Bogdangiusca, German translation Andreas -horn- Hornig, of a C-band satellite dish used by TVRO systems from the Politehnica University – Bucharest, Romania, is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. You are free:
- to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work
- to remix – to adapt the work
Under the following conditions:
- attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).
- share alike – If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled GNU Free Documentation License.
